Das ENSO-Phänomen

Quellen

Printmedien (Einzelausgaben)

• Albertz, Jörg (2001): Einführung in die Fernerkundung. Darmstadt
• An, Soon-Il (2004): Nonlinearity and Asymmetry of ENSO. Journal of Climate (AMS)
• ders. (2008): Interannual variations of the tropical ocean instability wave and ENSO. J. Climate, 21, 3680-3686
• Andersson, Axel et al. (2010): Satellite derived North Atlantic precipitation variability and its dependence on the NAO index, Tellus A, 62(4), 453-468, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00458.x.
• Anderson, David L.T. et al., eds. (1998): The TOGA Decade: reviewing the progress of El Niño research and prediction. J Geophys Res 1998: 103.
• Arntz, Wolf E. und Fahrbach, Eberhard (1991): El Niño - Klimaexperiment der Natur. Basel u.a.O.
• Arntz, Wolf: Zur Entstehung von Organismenansammlungen: "El Niño" 1982 - 1983 vor Peru, in: Natur und Museum 115 (5). Frankfurt a.M.
• Ashok, K. et al. (2007): El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. In: J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007,
• Ballhorn, Uwe (2012): Airborne and spaceborne LiDAR data as a measurement tool for peatland topography, peat fire burn depth, and forest above ground biomass in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (Diss.). München
• Barber, R. T. und Chavez, F. P. (1983): Biological Consequences of El Niño In: Science, 222, 1203–1210.
• Barnston, A.G. und Ropelewski, C.F. (1992): Prediction of ENSO episodes using canonical correlation analysis. J Clim 1992, 5:1316–1345
• Barnston, A. G. et al. (1999): NCEP Forecasts of the El Niño of 1997–98 and its U.S. Impacts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80:1829–1852.
• Barnston, A.G. et al. (2012): Skill of real-time seasonal ENSO model predictions during 2002–11: Is our capability increasing? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2012, 93:631–651
• Barnston, Anthony (2015): Why are there so many ENSO indexes, instead of just one? In: ENSO Blog
• Barnett, T.P. et al. (1993): ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part I: prediction of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature with a hybrid couple ocean-atmosphere model. J Clim 1993, 6:1545–1566
• Barrett, Hannah G. et al. (2017): Reconstructing El Niño Southern Oscillation using data from ships’ logbooks, 1815–1854. Part II: Comparisons with existing ENSO reconstructions and implications for reconstructing ENSO diversity. In: Clim Dyn (2018) 50:3131–3152
• Bartz, Fritz (1974): Die großen Fischereiräume der Welt Bd. III, Neue Welt und südliche Halbkugel. Wiesbaden
• Battisti, D.S. und Hirst, A.C. (1989): Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: influence of the basic state and ocean geometry. J Atmos Sci 1989, 46: 1687–1712
• Bayer, Angela M. (2014): The 1997–1998 El Niño as an unforgettable phenomenon in northern Peru: a qualitative study. NIH, Bethesda
• Becker, Andreas et al. (2014): A description of the global land-surface precipitation data products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre with sample applications including centennial (trend) analysis from 1901–present, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 71-99, doi:10.5194/essd-5-71-2013
• Bell, Gerry (2014): Impacts of El Niño und La Niña on the hurricane season. NOAA ENSO Blog
• Bell, J.D. et al. (2011): Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
• Bendix, Astrid et al. (2002): The El Niño 1997/98 as seen from space - rainfall retrieval and investigation of rainfall dynamics with GOES-8 and TRMM data. In: Proceedings The 2002 EUMETSAT Meteor. Satellite Conf., Dublin, Ireland 02-06 Sept. 2002, EUM P 36
• Bendix, Astrid und Bendix, Jörg (2000): El Niño 1997/1998 in Nordperu: Anzeichen eines Ökosystem-Wandels? In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 144, 2000/4
• Bendix, Astrid und Bendix, Jörg (2004): Ist El Niño an allem schuld? In: Berliner Geographische Arbeiten 97, 2004
• Benedetti, A., F. Di Giuseppe, J. Flemming, A. Inness, M. Parrington, S. Rémy, and J. R. Ziemke. (2015) Atmospheric composition changes due to the extreme 2015 Indonesian fire season triggered by El Niño. Sidebar 2.2. In: State of the Climate 2015, Chapter 2 (Global climates)
• Berlage, H. P., 1957: Fluctuations of the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year, their nature and prognostic value. Mededelingen en Verhandelingen, No. 69, Koninkijk Nedeerlands Meteorologisch Instituut, 152 pp.
• Berlage, H. P. (1966): The southern oscillation and world weather. Mededelingen en Verhandelingen 1966, 88:152. 's-Gravenhage
• Biancalani, Riccardo und Avagyan, Armine (2014): Towards climate-responsible peatlands management (FAO). Rom
• Bjerknes, J. (1969): Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172.
• Blümel, Wolf Dieter (2013): Wüsten - Entstehung, Kennzeichen, Lebensraum. Stuttgart
• Blunden, J. and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2016: State of the Climate in 2015. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97 (8), S1–S275
• Bond, N.A.; M.F. Cronin; H. Freeland; N. Mantua (2015): Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3414–3420
• Botsford, Louis W. (2003): Wind strength and biological productivity in upwelling systems: an idealized study. In: Fisheries Oceanography
• Boulanger, J.P. et al. (2003): Reflected and locally wind-forced interannual equatorial Kelvin waves in the western Pacific Ocean. In: Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (2003), Nr. C10, S. 3311
• Brauch, J., Fröhlich, K. und Imbery, F. (2017): Modellierung des Klimasystems. In: promet , Heft 99, 7-19
• Brönnimann, Stefan (2018): Klimatologie. Bern
• Brönnimann, Stefan u.a. (2004): Extreme climate of the global troposphere and stratosphere in 1940-42 related to El Niño. In: NATURE, Vol 431, p.971ff
• Brown, Jaclyn N. (2015): Projected seasurface temperature changes in the equatorial Pacific relative to the Warm Pool edge. In: Deep-Sea Research II 113 (2015) 47-58
• Brown, J.R. (2014): Climate science: El Niño’s variable history. Nature 515: 494–495.
• Brunotte, Ernst (2001): Lexikon der Geographie. Heidelberg und Berlin
• Burgers, G. und Stephenson, D. B. ( 1999): The ‘‘normality’’ of El Niño. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1027–1030
• Burgers, G., Jin, F.-F. und van Oldenborgh, G. J. (2005): The simplest ENSO recharge oscillator. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32:L13706, doi 10.1029/2005GL022951
• Busalacchi, A. und O’Brien, JJ. (1981): Interannual variability of the equatorial Pacific in the 1960’s. J Geophys Res 1981, 86:10901–10907
• Byron, Neil und Shepherd, Gill (1998): Indonesia and the 1997-98 El Niño: Fire Problems and long-term solutions. ODI, London
• Camargo, Suzana J. und Sobel, Adam H. (2005): Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity and ENSO. J. Climate, 18, 2996–3006
• Cai, Wenju et al. (2014): Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. In: Nature Climate Change 4, 111–116
• Cai, Wenju et al. (2015, a): Increased frequency of extreme La Niña events under greenhouse warming. In: Nature Climate Change
• Cai, Wenju et al. (2015, b): ENSO and greenhouse warming. In: Nature Climate Change
• Cai, Wenju et al. (2018): Increased variability of eastern Pacific El Niño under greenhouse warming. In: Nature 564, pages 201–206 (2018)
• Cai, Wenju et al. (2021): Changing El Niño-Southern Oscillation in a warming climate. Nature Rev. Earth Environ. 2, (2021)
• Cane, M.A. et al. (1986): Experimental forecasts of El Niño. Nature 1986, 321:827–832
• Capotondi, Antonietta et al. (2015): Understanding ENSO diversity. In: Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, 921–938
• Caviedes, César N. (1973): Sêcas and El Niño. Two Simultaneous Climatical Hazards in South America. Proceedings of the Ass. of American Geographers Vol. 5, pp. 44-49
• ders. (2001): El Niño in History - Storming through the Ages. Gainesville, FL
• ders. (2005): El Niño. Klima macht Geschichte. Darmstadt
• Caviedes, C.N. und Waylen, P.R. (1991): Chapters for a climatic history of South America. In: Festschrift zur Ehre von Professor Wolfgang Weischets 70. Geburtstag. Freiburger Geographische Hefte, 32:149-180
• Changnon, Stanley A., ed, and Bell, Gerald D., ed. (2000): El Niño 1997-1998 - The Climate Event of the Century. Oxford u.a.O.
• Chappel, Lori-Carmen und Bate Peter W. (2000): The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98. In: Australian Meteorological Magazine 49: 135–136
• Chatterjee, A. et al (2017), Science, 358, eaam5776. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5776
• Chen, D. und Cane, M.A. (2008): El Niño prediction and predictability. In: Journal of Computational Physics 227 (2008) 3625–3640
• Choi, J., An, S.-I. und Yeh, S. W. ( 2012): Decadal amplitude modulation of two types of ENSO and its relationship with the mean state. Clim. Dyn.
• Christidis, Nikolaos et al. (2019): The extremely wet March of 2017 in Peru. In: Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, S31–S35
• Claaßen, Klaus: El Niño, in: Praxis Geographie 1/1998
• Clarke, A.J. et al. (2000): A Simple Warm-Pool Displacement ENSO Model. In: Journal of Physical Oceanography 30 (2000), Nr. 7, S. 1679–1691
• Clement, A. C. et al. (2000): Suppression of El Nino during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit. Paleoceanography, 15, 731-737
• Cobb, K.M. et al. (2003): El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature, 424, 271-276.
• Compo, G. P. and Coauthors (2011): The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. In: Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 1–28
• Conroy, J.L. et al (2008): Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record. In: Quat Sci Rev 27:1166–1180
• Contreras, Sergio et al.: A rainy northern Atacama Desert during the last interglacial. In: Geophysical Research Letters 2010, 37: LXXXXX, doi: 10.1029/2010GL045728
• Corporación Andina de Fomento (2000): Las lecciones de El Niño. Perú. CAF. Retrieved from http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/676
• Corporación Andina de Fomento (2000): Las lecciones de El Niño. Bolivia. CAF. Retrieved from http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/673
• Corporación Andina de Fomento (2000): Las lecciones de El Niño. Colombia. CAF. Retrieved from http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/674
• Corporación Andina de Fomento (2000): Las lecciones de El Niño. Ecuador. CAF. Retrieved from http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/675
• Corporación Andina de Fomento (2000): Las lecciones de El Niño. Perú. CAF. Retrieved from http://scioteca.caf.com/handle/123456789/676
• Cravatte, S., W. S. Kessler, N. Smith, S. E. Wijffels, and Contributing Authors, 2016: First Report of TPOS 2020. GOOS-215, 200 pp. (Available online at http://tpos2020.org/first-report/
• D’Arrigo, Rosanne et al. (2013): Myanmar monsoon drought variability inferred by tree rings over the past 300 years: linkages to ENSO. In: PAGES news, Vol 21 No 2, August 2013
• Delcroix, T. et al. (2000): Equatorial waves and warm pool displacements during the 1992–1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation events: Observation and modeling. In: Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (2000), Nr. C11, S. 26045. – ISSN 0148–0227
• DER BROCKHAUS multimedial 2000
• Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (1998): Das Klima-Phänomen El Niño. Lehrerinformation Raumfahrt, Nr. 1/98, Erdkunde. Köln
• Diaz, Henry F. und Markgraf, Vera ed. (2000): El Niño and the Southern Oscillation - Multiscale variability and global and regional impacts. Cambridge
• Dieppois, Bastien et al. (2015): The impact of ENSO on Southern African rainfall in CMIP5 ocean atmosphere coupled climate models. In: Climate Dynamics. Berlin und Heidelberg
• Dijkstra, H.A. (2006): The ENSO phenomenon: theory and mechanisms. In: Advances in Geosciences 6 (2006), S. 3–15
• Ding, Ruiqiang et al. (2022): Multi-year El Niño events tied to the North Pacific Oscillation. Nat Commun 13, 3871 (2022)
• Dommenget, D., Bayr, T., Frauen, C. (2013): Analysis of the Non-linearity in the Pattern and Time Evolution of El Niño Southern Oscillation. Climate Dynamics, 40(11), pp 2825- 2847, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1475-0
• Duan, Wansuo und Mu Mu (2018): Predictability of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Events. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedias
• Eguiguren, V. (1894): Las Lluvias en Piura. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, t. IV, año IV, nn.7, 8 y 9, diciembre, Lima, 1894
• Eichholz, M. (2011): El Niño - Grenzen der Vorhersagbarkeit. Examensarbeit. Münster
• Eisenman, Ian (2005): Westerly Wind Bursts: ENSO’s Tail Rather than the Dog? J. Climate, 18, 5224–5238
• Emeis, Stefan (2000): Meteorologie in Stichworten. Berlin und Stuttgart
• Emile-Geay, J. et al. (2013): Estimating central equatorial Pacific SST variability over the Past Millennium. Part I: methodology and validation. In: J Clim 26:2302–2328
• Encarta Enzyklopädie Plus 2000 und 2002
• Endlicher, Wilfried (1991): Klima, Wasserhaushalt, Vegetation. Grundlagen der Physischen Geographie II. Darmstadt
• Endlicher, Wilfried (1998): Die terrestrischen Auswirkungen. In: Lozán (1998) a.a.O.
• Endlicher, W., Habbe, K.A. und Pinzner, H. (1989): Zum El Niño-Southern Oscillation-Ereignis 1983 und seinen Auswirkungen im peruanischen Küstengebiet. In: Mitteilungen Fränkische Geographische Gesellschaft 35/36. S. 175-201.
• Englhart, Sandra et al. (2014): Assessment of biomass variability of different tropical forest types and degradation levels by large-scale airborne LiDAR measurements in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jakarta
• Fagan, Brian (1999/2009): Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations. New York
• FAO (2014): Understanding the drought impact of El Niño on the global agricultural areas: An assessment using FAO’s Agricultural Stress Index (ASI). Rome
• FAO (2016): 2015–2016 El Niño - Early action and response for agriculture, food security and nutrition. Rome
• Fasullo, J. and Webster, P.J.: Atmospheric and surface variations during westerly wind burst in the tropical western Pacific, 2000, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126 (564 Part A), S. 899-924
• Fedorov, A. V. et al. (2003): How Predictable is El Niño? In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 84 (7), S. 911–919
• Fedorov, A. V. et al. (2006): The Pliocene paradox (mechanisms for a permanent El Niño). In: Science 312 (5779): 1485–1489
• Frey, Corinne (2002): Telekonnektionen - ENSO und NAO. Teil der Klimavariabilität oder Beitrag zum Klimawandel? (Seminararbeit, über 'Hausarbeiten.de' kostenpflichtig verfügbar). Basel. http://www.hausarbeiten.de/faecher/vorschau/9332.html
• Fowler, A. M. et al. (2008): ENSO history recorded in Agathis australis (kauri) tree rings. Part A: kauri’s potential as an ENSO proxy. In: Int. J. Climatol. 28: 1-20 (2008)
• Freund, Mandy B. et al. (2019): Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events in recent decades relative to past centuries. In: Nature Geoscience
• Fröhlich, Kristina et al. (2014): El Niño im Winter 2014/15 wahrscheinlich. DWD Hintergrundberichte 21.7.2014. Offenbach
• Fuchs, Tobias und Schneider, Udo (2006): ENSO impacts on global precipitation in winter 1997/98. Offenbach
• Gallagher, Stephen J. et al. (2009): Neogene history of the West Pacific Warm Pool, Kuroshio and Leeuwin currents. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY, VOL. 24, PA1206, doi:10.1029/2008PA001660, 2009
• Gao, Zongting et al. (2022): Single-year and double-year El Niños. Clim Dyn (2022)
• Garcia-Herrera, R. et al. (2008): A Chronology of El Niño Events from Primary Documentary Sources in Northern Peru. In: Journal of Climate, XXI, 1948–1962
• Garden, Donald (2009): Droughts, Floods and Cyclones – El Niños that Shaped our Colonial Past. Melbourne. Chapter 13, p. 270-292, The Federation Drought of 1895-1903, El Nino and Society in Australia
• Gawthrop, E., Dinh, D. and Fiondella, F. (eds.) (2016): Conference Report: El Niño 2015 Conference. November 17-18, 2015. International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University, New York, USA.
• Gebbie, G. et al. (2007). Modulation of westerly wind bursts by sea surface temperature: A semi-stochastic feedback for ENSO. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3281-3295.
• Gehne, M. et al. (2014): Irregularity and decadal variation in ENSO: A simplified model based on Principal Oscillation Patterns. Climate Dynamics, 43, 3327-3350
• Gergis, J. and Fowler, A. M. (2009): A history of ENSO events since A.D. 1525: Implications for future climate change. In: Climatic Change, 92, 343–3872009
• Gill, A. E. (1980): Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quarterly Journal of Royal Meteorological Society, 106, 447-462.
• Gierloff-Emden, Hans-Günther (1980): Geographie des Meeres: Ozeane und Küsten, Teil 1. Berlin u.a.O.
• Giese, B.S. und Ray, S. (2011): El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871–2008. J. Geophys. Res. 116: C02024
• Glantz, Michael H. (1994): Floods, Fires and Famine: Is El Niño to Blame? In: Oceanus a.a.O.
• Glantz, Michael H. (2000): Lessons Learned from the 1997-98 El Nino: Once Burned, Twice Shy? A UNEP/NCAR/UNU/WMO/ISDR Assessment. Tokyo. PDF-Version: http://www.unisdr.org/files/1864_VL102131.pdf
• Glantz, M. H. (2001): Currents of Change: Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on Climate and Society. Cambridge
• Glantz, Michael H. und Ramirez, Ivan J. (2020): Reviewing the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) to Enhance Societal Readiness for El Niño’s Impacts
• Goddard, Lisa und Dewitt, David G. (2005): Seeking progress in El Niño Prediction. U.S. CLIVAR Variations, Winter 2005 (3). S. 1–4.
• Goddard, Lisa und Maxx Dilley, 2005: El Niño: Catastrophe or Opportunity. J. Climate, 18, 651–665.
• Gommes, René (1997): An El Niño-Primer (http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/~hsalmun/geol180web/ENprimer.pdf)
• Graf, H.-F. und D. Zanchettin (2012): Central Pacific El Niño, the “subtropical bridge” and Eurasian climate, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01102, doi:10.1029/2011JD016493
• Graham, N.E. und White, W.B. (1988): The El Niño cycle: A natural oscillator of the Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere System. In: Science, 240
• Grau, Jürke (2000): "El Niño" - Leben für die untergehende Pflanzenwelt der Atacama. In: Biologie in unserer Zeit 2000 Nr. 1
• Gross, Grant M. (1995): Principles of Oceanography. Englewood Cliffs
• Grove, Richard & Adamson, George (2018): El Niño in World History. London
• Guan, Cong et al. (2019): Quantifying the Role of Oceanic Feedbacks on ENSO Asymmetry. In: Geophysical Research Letters, 46
• Haeseler, Susanne und Ziese, Markus (2016): El Niño 2015/16 und seine klimatischen Folgen im Vergleich zu 1982/83 und 1997/98. Offenbach
• Ham, Yoo-Geun (2018): El Niño events set to intensify. In: Nature 564, 192-193 (2018)
• Ham, Yoo-Geun und Kug, Jong-Seong (2012): How well do current climate models simulate two types of El Nino? In: Climate Dynamics Volume 39, Issue 1–2, pp 383–398
• Hameed, Saji N. et al. (2018): A model for super El Niños. Nature Communications
• Handler, P.(1983): Corn yields in the United States and sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the period 1868–1982. Agr Forest Meteorol 1983, 31:25–32
• Hayes, S. P. et al. (1991): TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72, 339-347
• Heine, Klaus (2019): Das Quartär in den Tropen - Eine Rekonstruktion des Paläoklimas. Berlin und Heidelberg
• Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Schleswig-Holstein et al. (2017): Meeresatlas 2017 - Daten und Fakten über unseren Umgang mit dem Ozean. Kiel
• Hempel, G., Bischof, K. und Hagen, W. (2017): Faszination Meeresforschung - ein ökologisches Lesebuch 2. Aufl. Berlin
• Henson, Bob und Trenberth, Kevin E. (1998): Children of the Tropics: El Niño and La Niña
• Hirschberger, Peter (2015): Wälder in Flammen - Feuer in Indonesien (WWF-Information). Berlin
• Hoerling, Marty (2003): ENSO and Beyond. NOAA/Climate Diagnostics Center
• Holbrook, N. J. et al. (2009): El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Report card of marine climate change for Australia: Detailed scientific assessment, E. S. Poloczanska, A. J. Hobday, and A. J. Richardson, Eds., NCCARF Publ. 05/09, 29–51
• Hooijer, A. et al. (2012): Subsidence and carbon loss in drained tropical peatlands, Biogeosciences, 9, 1053-1071
• Hooijer, A. et al. (2014): Carbon emissions from drained and degraded peatland in Indonesia and emission factors for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of peatland greenhouse gas emissions ‒ a summary of KFCP research results for practitioners. Jakarta.
• Houghton, John (1997): Globale Erwärmung: Fakten, Gefahren und Lösungswege. Berlin u.a.O.
• Hsiang, Solomon M., Meng, Kyle C. & Cane, Mark A. (2011): Civil conflicts are associated with the global climate. In: Nature volume 476, pages 438–441
• Hu, S., Fedorov, A. V., Lengaigne, M. und Guilyardi, E. (2014): The impact of westerly wind bursts on the diversity and predictability of El Niño events: An ocean energetics perspective. In: Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 4654-4663
• HU, S. und Fedorov, A. V. (2016): Exceptionally strong easterly wind burst stalling El Niño of 2014. PNAS February 23, 2016 113 (8) 2005-2010
• Hu, Zeng‑Zhen et al. (2018): On the variety of coastal El Niño events. Climate Dynamics
• Hughen, K.A. et al. (1999): El Niño During the Last Interglacial Period Recorded by a Fossil Coral from Indonesia, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 3129-3132
• Informationsstelle Peru e.V. (Hrsg., o. J.): Studie zu Handel und Nutzung von peruanischem Fischmehl in Deutschland. Freiburg (Bezug: Informationsstelle Peru e.V., Kronenstraße 16, 79010 Freiburg)
• Iizumi, Toshichika. et al. (2014): Historical Changes in Global Yields: Major Cereal and Legume Crops from 1982 to 2006. In: Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 346-57
• Iizumi, Toshichika et al. (2014): Impacts of El Niño Southern Oscillation on the global yields of major crops. In: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, MAY 2014
• IPCC (2013): Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge, U. K. und New York, USA
• IPCC, 2019: Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N. Weyer (eds.)].
• Ivany, L. C., T. Brey, M. Huber, D. P. Buick, and B. R. Schöne (2011): El Niño in the Eocene greenhouse recorded by fossil bivalves and wood from Antarctica. In: Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16709, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL048635.
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Media Relations Office (2000): Pacific Decadal Oscillation packs a One-Two Punch; http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/2000/pdomoodswings.html
• Jin, F. (1997): An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829.
• Jones, Charles u.a. (o.J.): The Influence of the Madden and Julian Oscillation on Ocean Surface Heat Fluxes and very high Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Warm Pool Region; http://www.crseo.ucsb.edu/esrg/papers/MJO_HSPOT_ams.96/MJO_HSPOT_ams.html
• Kalicki, Piotr, Kalicki, Tomasz, Kittel, Piotr (2014): The Influence of El Niño on Settlement Patterns in Lomas de Lachay, Central Coast, Peru. DOI: 10.24916/iansa.2014.2.5
• Kao, H.-Y. und Yu, J.-Y. (2009): Contrasting eastern Pacific and central Pacific types of El Niño. In: J. Climate, 22, 615–632
• Keefer, D. K. et al. (2003): A 38.000-year record of floods and debris flows in the Ilo region of southern Peru and its relation to El Nino events and great earthquakes. In: Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 194:41-77
• Kessler, William S. (2002): Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events? In: Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, No. 23
• Khodri, Myriam et al. (2017): Tropical explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger El Niño by cooling tropical Africa; In: Nature Communications 8, Article number: 778 (2017)
• Killworth, P. D. et al. (2004): Physical and biological mechanisms for planetary waves observed in satellite-derived chlorophyll, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C07002
• Kirtman, B. P. (1997): Oceanic Rossby Wave Dynamics and the ENSO Period in a Coupled Model. Journal of Climate 10:1690-1704
• Kline, Karen and Raustiala, Kal (2000): International Environmental Agreements and Remote Sensing Technologies. Palisades NY
• Knüsel, S. et al. (2005): ENSO signals of the twentieth century in an ice core from Nevado Illimani, Bolivia. In: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 110(1)
• Konopka, Hans-Peter (1992): Plankton, Fisch und Schwein; in Unterricht Biologie, 180
• Kousky, Vernon (NOAA/CPC): The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Cycle. http://www.comet.ucar.edu/modules/oscillation.htm; 12.8.2004
• Kug, J.-S. et al. (2009): Two-types of El Niño events: Cold Tongue El Niño and Warm Pool El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 1499-1515.
• Lall U. (2013): Global freshwater and food security in the face of potential adversity. In: Barrett CB, ed. Food Security and Sociopolitical Stability. Ch. 5. Oxford
• Landsea, C. W. und Knaff, J. A. (2000): How much skill was there in forecasting the very strong 1997-98 El Niño? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 2107-2119
• Latif, Mojib (1998): El Niños kalte Schwester. In: MPG-Spiegel 3/98
• ders. (2003): Simulation und Vorhersage von ENSO-Extremen. In: promet 29. Jahrgang, Heft 1/4, 2003
• ders. (2004): Klimaänderung und El Niño. In: Münchener Rück (2004): Wetterkatastrophen und Klimawandel. München
• ders. (2006): Das El Niño/Southern Oscillation-Phänomen. In: promet 32. Jahrgang, Heft 3/4, 2006
• ders. (2009): Klimawandel und Klimadynamik. Stuttgart
• ders. (2011): Klimavariabilität, El Niño/Southern Oscillation, die Nordatlantische und die Atlantische Multidekadische Oszillation mit Anmerkungen zur Vorhersagbarkeit. In: Warnsignal Klima: die Meere - Änderungen & Risiken: wissenschaftliche Fakten, ed. by Lozan, J. L., Graßl, H., Karbe, L. and Reise, K. Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 78-89.
• ders. (2012): Globale Erwärmung. Stuttgart
• ders. (2018): Neue Erkenntnisse über El-Niño und La-Niña. In: Lozán, J. L., et al. (Hrsg.). Warnsignal Klima: Extremereignisse. pp. 193-200. Hamburg
• Latif, M. und Keenlyside, N. (2009): El Niño/Southern Oscillation response to global warming. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (49). pp. 20578-20583.
• Latif, M. et al. (2015): Super El Niños in Response to Global Warming in a Climate Model. Climatic Change.
• Lauer, Wilhelm (1999): Klimatologie. Braunschweig
• Lauer, Wilhelm und Bendix, Jörg (2004): Klimatologie. Braunschweig
• Laws, Edward A. (2000): El Nino and the Peruvian Anchovy Fishery.
• Lengaigne, M. und Vecchi, G. (2010): Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models. Climate Dynamics 35 (2–3): 299–313.
• Lenz, Jürgen (1992): Produktionsbiologie in Auftriebsgebieten; in Unterricht Biologie, 180
• Leser, Hartmut (1998): DIERCKE-Wörterbuch Allgemeine Geographie. München und Braunschweig
• Letson, David und McCullough, B.D. (2001): ENSO and Soybean Prices: Correlation without Causality. In: Southern Agricultural Economics Association
• Levine, A.F.Z. und McPhaden, M.J. (2016): How the July 2014 easterly wind burst gave the 2015–2016 El Niño a head start. In: Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6503–6510.
• Lexikon der Geographie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag (2002). Heidelberg
• Lexikon der Geowissenschaften, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag (2001). Heidelberg
• Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag (2002). Heidelberg
• L’Heureux, Michelle und Thomson, David W.J. (2006): Observed Relationships between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. In: Journal of Climate 19, 276–287 (2006)
• L'Heureux, M. et al. (2012): Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Climate Dynamics 40 (5-6): 1-14
• L’Heureux, M. L., et al., (2017): Observing and predicting the 2015/16 El Niño. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 98(7), 1363–1382
• Li, Jinbao et al. (2013): El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries. In: Nature Climate Change Volume: 3, 822–826 (2013)
• Lindzen, R. S. und Nigam, S. (1987): On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the Tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436.
• Liu, Z. et al. (2014): Evolution and forcing mechanisms of El Niño over the past 21,000 years. In: Nature 515:550–553
• Loughran, T. F. et al. (2017): Understanding the spatio-temporal influence of climate variability on Australian heatwaves. In: Int. J. Climatol., 37, 3963–3975
• Lozán, José L. u.a. (Hrsg.) (1998): Warnsignal Klima. Hamburg
• Löffler, Ernst (1994): Geographie und Fernerkundung. Stuttgart
• Ludescher, J. et al. (2013): Improved El Niño forecasting by cooperativity detection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, pp. 11742-11745,
• Lyman, Eric J. (1999): 1999 World Disaster Report: El Niño and La Niña -- the Pacific’s deadly duo. Rom (http://www.ericjlyman.com/elnino.html)
• Mantua, N. J. und Battisti, D. S. (1994): Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: The “observed” oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific. In: J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 691-699
• Marcinek, Joachim und Rosenkranz, Erhard (1996): Das Wasser der Erde. Gotha
• McBride, J. L. und Nicholls, N. (1983): Seasonal relationship between Australian rainfall and Southern Oscillation. In: Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1998–2004
• McDonald, Janece et al. (2004): The 2002–2003 El Niño recorded in Australian cave drip waters: Implications for reconstructing rainfall histories using stalagmites. In: Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (22): L22202.
• McGregor, S., Timmermann, A. und Timm, O. (2010): A unified proxy for ENSO and PDO variability since 1650. In: Clim Past 6(1):1–17
• McPhaden, M. J. (1995): The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array is completed. In: Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 76, 739-741.
• McPhaden, Michael J. et al. (1998): The TOGA observing system: A decade of progress. In: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 103, No. C7, S. 14169 - 14240
• McPhaden, Michael J. (1999): Genesis and Evolution of the 1997–98 El Niño. Science 1999, 283:950–954
• McPhaden, Michael J. (2003): El Niño and La Niña: Causes and Global Consequences. In: Munn, Ted (ed.): Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 1. Chichester
• McPhaden, Michael J. (2004): Evolution of the 2002/03 El Niño. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, May 2004, S. 677 - 695
• McPhaden, M.J. (2015): Predicting El Niño Then and Now. In: ENSO Blog, April 3, 2015
• McPhaden, M.J. (2015): Playing hide and seek with El Niño. Nature Climate Change Volume: 5, Pages: 791–795 (2015)
• McPhaden, Michael J. (2018): Understanding and predicting El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. In "New Frontiers in Operational Oceanography", E. Chassignet, A. Pascual, J. Tintoré, and J. Verron, Eds., GODAE OceanView, 653-662
• McPhaden, M.J., Zebiak, S.E., Glantz, M.H. (2006): ENSO as an integrating concept in earth science. Science 2006, 314:1740–1745
• McPhaden, M.J. et al. (2010): A TOGA retrospective. Oceanography 23(3):86–103, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.26
• McPhaden, M. J., A. Timmermann, M. J. Widlansky, M. A. Balmaseda and T. N. Stockdale, 2015: The Curious Case of the El Niño that Never Happened: A Perspective from 40 Years of Progress. In Climate Research and Forecasting. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1647–1665
• McPhaden, M. J., A. Santoso, and W. Cai (2020): Advancing knowledge of ENSO in a changing climate, Eos, 101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EO151271.
• McPhaden, Michael J., Santoso, Agus, Cai, Wenju (Editors) (2020): El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate. Hoboken NJ und Washington D.C.
• Meyers, Gary et al. (2007): The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and Interactions with the Tropical Indian Ocean. In: Journal of Climate Vol 20, p. 2872-2880.
• Meyers kleines Lexikon Meteorologie (1987). Mannheim
• Mikus, Werner (1988): Peru - Raumstrukturen und Entwicklungen in einem Andenland. Stuttgart
• Morales, M.S. et al (2012): Precipitation changes in the South American Altiplano since 1300 AD reconstructed by tree rings. In: Clim Past Discuss 7:4297–4334
• Moy, C.M. et al (2002): Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. In: Nature 420:162–165
• Münchener Rück (Hrsg.) (1998): Topics - Naturkatastrophen 1997
• Na, Hanna et al. (2011): Statistical simulations of the future 50-year statistics of cold-tongue El Niño and warm-pool El Niño. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci. 47 (3): 223–233
• National Research Council (2010): Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12878
• Naylor, R.L. et al. (2001): Using El Niño-Southern Oscillation climate data to predict rice production in Indonesia. Climatic Change 50(3):255-265
• Neelin, J.D. et al. (1998): ENSO theory. J Geophys Res 1998, 103:14261–14290
• Neske, S., and S. McGregor, 2018: Understanding the warm water volume precursor of ENSO events and its interdecadal variation. Geophysical Research Letters, 45
• Newman, M. et al. (2011): Natural variation in ENSO flavors. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (14): L14705
• Nicholls, N. (1984): The Southern Oscillation and Indonesian sea surface temperature. In: Monthly Weather Review, 112, 424–432
• ders. (1985): Impact of the Southern Oscillation on Australian crops. In: J Clim 1985, 5:553–560
• ders. (1989): How old is ENSO? In: Climatic Change 1989, 14: 111-115
• ders. (1991): The El Nino/Southern Oscillation and Australian vegetation. In: Vegetation, 91, 23–36
• Norman, F. I., and Nicholls, N. (1991): The Southern Oscillation and variations in waterfowl abundance in southeastern Australia. In: Aust. J. Ecol., 16, 485–490
• OCHA (2016): El Niño: Overview of impact, projected humanitarian needs and response
• Oliver, John E. (Hrsg.) (2005): Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Dordrecht u.a.O.
• Ortlieb, L. und Machare, J. (1993): Former El Niño events: records from western South America. Global and Planetary Change, Volume 7, Issues 1–3, May 1993, Pages 181-202
• L. Ortlieb (2000): ‘The Documented Historical Record of El Niño Events in Peru: An update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries)’ in H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf (eds.), El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale variability and global and regional impacts. Cambridge
• Ott, Jörg (1996): Meereskunde - Einführung in die Geographie und Biologie der Ozeane. Stuttgart
• Quinn, W. H. et al. (1978): ‘Historical Trends and Statistics of the Southern Oscillation, El Niño and Indonesian Droughts’, Fishery Bulletin, LXXVI, 663–678
• Quinn, W. H., Neal, V. T. und Antunez de Mayolo, S. E. (1987): El Niño Occurrences over the Past Four and a Half Centuries, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 14 449–14 461
• Quinn, William H. (1992): A study of the Southern Oscillation-related climatic activity for A.D. 622-1900 incorporating Nile River flood data. In: Diaz, und Markgraf, V., Hrsg: El Niño. Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation
• W. H. Quinn and V. T. Neal (1992) ‘The Historical Record of El Niño Events’ in R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones (eds.) Climate Since A. D. 1500 London
• Paek, H., Yu, J.-Y. und Qian, C. (2017): Why were the 2015/16 and 1997/98 Extreme El Niños different? In: Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1848–1856.
• Page, S. E. et al. (2011): Review of Peat Surface Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Oil Palm Plantations in Southeast Asia. Washington
• Page, S.E., Rieley, J.O., Banks, C.J. (2011): Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool.In: Global Change Biology 17: 798-818
• Patra, Prabir K. et al. (2017): The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2) tracks 2-3 peta-gram increase in carbon release to the atmosphere during the 2014-2016 El Nino. Nature Scientific Reports doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13459-0, 2017
• Penland C. et al. (2010): A brief introduction to El Niño and La Niña. In: Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 189 . AGU, Washington, DC, 53-64. ISBN 978-0-87590-480-1
• Philander, S. G. H. (1985): El Niño and La Niña. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2652-2662
• Philander, S.G.H. (1990): El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation. San Diego, CA
• Philander, S. G. H., T. Yamagata, and R. C. Pacanowski (1984): Unstable Air-Sea Interactions in the Tropics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 41(4):604–613
• Philander, S. G. und Fedorov, A. (2003): Is El Niño sporadic or cyclic? In: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31, 579-594.
• Picaut, Joel et al. (1997): An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO. In: Science 277 (1997), Nr. 5326, S. 663
• Picaut, Joel et al. (2002): Mechanisms of the 1997-1998 El Niño-La Niña, as inferred from space-based observations. In: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107
• Power, S. et al. (1998): Australian temperature, Australian rainfall, and the Southern Oscillation, 1910-1996: Coherent variability and recent changes. In: Aust. Meteor. Mag., 47, 85–101
• Power, S. et al. (1999): Inter-decadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on Australia. In: Climate Dyn., 15, 319–324
• Power, S. and Callaghan, J. (2016): Variability in severe coastal flooding, associated storms, and death tolls in south-eastern Australia since the mid–nineteenth century. In: J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 55, 1139–1149
• Raith, Wilhelm, Hrsg. (2001): Bergmann/Schaefer, Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 7, Erde und Planeten. Berlin und New York
• Ramírez, I.J. & Briones, F. (2017): Understanding the El Niño Costero of 2017: The Definition Problem and Challenges of Climate Forecasting and Disaster Responses. In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, Vol. 8, Issue 4
• Rasmusson, E. M. und Carpenter, T. H. (1982): Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Monthly Weather Review, 110, 354-384
• Ratmann, Joachim (2008): Klima- und Zirkulationsvariabilität im südhemisphärischen Afrika seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts (Diss.). Augsburg
• Robert, Christian und Bousquet, Romain (2018): Geowissenschaften – Die Dynamik der Erde. Berlin
• Rodbell, D. et al. (1999): An 15,000 year record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador. Science, 283, 516-520
• Rodgers, K. B. et al. ( 2004): Tropical Pacific decadal variability and its relation to decadal modulation of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 3761–3774
• Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. In: Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606–1626
• Roedel, Walter und Wagner, Thomas (2017): Physik unserer Umwelt: Die Atmosphäre. Berlin
• Rösner, Stefan (2003): El Niño - Eine kurze Einführung. (DWD)
• RSMC Nadi - Tropical Cyclone Centre (2007): Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1997–98 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service
• Ryan, Svenya et al. (2021): Depth Structure of Ningaloo Niño/Niña Events and Associated Drivers. Journal of Climate, 34(5), 1767-1788
• Sallet, Ellen (2002): Fachwörterbuch Fernerkundung und Geoinformation (Engl.-Dt.). Heidelberg
• Sandweiss, D. et al. (1996): Geoarchaeological evidence from Peru for a 5000 year B.P. onset of El Niño. Science, 273, 1531-1533
• Santoso, Agus et al. (2015): ENSO Extremes and Diversity: Dynamics, Teleconnections, and Impacts - Workshop Report. In: Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
• Santoso, A., McPhaden, M. J., and Cai, W. ( 2017): The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Niño. Reviews of Geophysics, 55, 1079–1129
• Santoso, A. et al. (2019): Dynamics and predictability of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: An Australian perspective on progress and challenges. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. doi:10.1175/ BAMS-D-18-0057.1
• Sarachik, Edward S. und Cane, Mark A. (2010): The El Niño-Southern Oscillation Phenomenon. Cambridge u.a.O.
• Schiermeier, Q. (2015): Hunting the Godzilla El Niño. In: Nature 526:490–491
• Schönwiese, Christian-Dietrich (2003): Klimatologie. Stuttgart
• Schopf, P.S. und Suarez, M.J. (1988): Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J Atmos Sci 1988, 45: 549–566
• Schöttle, Sigrid (1997): Untersuchungen über die Meereshöhenvariabilität in den tropischen Ozeanen von 1992 bis 1995 unter Verwendung von Radar-Altimeterdaten des Topex/Poseidon-Satelliten (Diplomarbeit im Fach Ozeanographie). Hamburg
• Seibert, Paul (1996): Farbatlas Südamerika - Landschaften und Vegetation. Stuttgart
• Seiki, A., Y. N. Takayabu, 2007: Westerly wind bursts and their relationship with intraseasonal variations and ENSO. Part II: Energetics over the western and central Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3346-3361
• Selz, T. (2010): Der Dynamische Zustandsindex - Berechnung aus Reanalysedaten und Anwendung auf das El Niño-Phänomen. Diss. Berlin
• Shaman, J. und Lipsitch, M. (2013): The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-pandemic Influenza connection: coincident or causal? Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 2013, 110 (Suppl 1): 3689–3691
• Sheppard, Charles, Hrsg (2000): Seas at the Millenium: An Environmental Evaluation. Oxford u.a.O.
• Sherman, K. und Hempel, G., ed. (2009): The UNEP Large Marine Ecosystem Report: A perspective on changing conditions in LMEs of the World’s Regional Seas. Nairobi (http://www.lme.noaa.gov/LMEWeb/Downloads/unep_lme_report.zip)
• Sponberg, K. (1999): Weathering a storm of global statistics. In: Nature, 400, p. 13
• Smolka, Peter P.(1991): Neogene Ozeane. Die Geowissenschaften, 9: 347-351
• Staeger, Tim (1998): Statistische Analyse des ENSO- und Vulkanismus-Signals in Klima-Zeitreihen. Diplomarbeit, Frankfurt a.M. (http://tstaeger.de/resources/staeger-diplom.pdf)
• Steinrücke, Jürgen: Die Bedeutung der Allgemeinen Zirkulation der Atmosphäre und der Ozeane für das Klima, in: Lozán, José L. a.a.O.
• Stevenson, Samantha et al. (2018): Climate Variability, Volcanic Forcing, and Last Millennium Hydroclimate Extremes. In: Journal of Climate, 31, 4309-4327
• Stewart, Robert H. (2008): Introduction To Physical Oceanography. TAMU Texas (http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/PDF_files/book.pdf)
• Storch, Hans von, u.a. (1999): Das Klimasystem und seine Modellierung: Eine Einführung. Berlin u.a.O.
• Stowe, Keith S. (1979): Ocean Science. New York u.a.O.
• Strong, A. E., Kearns, E. J., und Govig, K. K. (2000): Sea Surface Temperature Signals from Satellites – an update, Geophys. Res. Lett.
• Suarez, M.J. und Schopf, P.S. (1988): A delayed action oscillator for ENSO. J Atmos Sci 1988, 45:3283–3287
• Sullivan, A. et al. ( 2016): Robust contribution of decadal anomalies to the frequency of central-Pacific El Niño. Sci. Rep., 6, 38540
• Sun, D.Z. (2000): The heat sources and sinks of the 1986–87 El Niño. In: Journal of Climate 13 (2000), S. 3533–3550
• Sun, D.-Z. (2000): Global climate change and ENSO: a theoretical framework. El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, Multiscale variability and Global and Regional Impacts. Cambridge University Press, ed. by Diaz H. F. and V. Markgraf, 443-463.
• Sun, D.Z. (2003): A possible effect of an increase in the warm-pool SST on the magnitude of El Niño warming. In: Journal of Climate 16 (2003), S. 185–205
• Sun, D.Z. (2004): The Control of Meridional Differential Heating Over the Level of ENSO activity: A Heat-Pump Hypothesis. page 71--83. In Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, AGU Geophysical Monograph, Vol. 147
• Swiss Re (1999): El Niño 1997/98: On the phenomenon's trail. Zürich
• Taconet, M., Kroodsma, D., & Fernandes, J.A. (2019): Global Atlas of AIS-based fishing activity - Challenges and opportunities. Rome, FAO
• Takahashi, K. (2004): The atmospheric circulation associated with extreme rainfall events in Piura, Peru, during the 1997–1998 and 2002 El Niño events. In: Ann. Geophys., 22, 3917–3926
• Takahashi, K. et al. (2011): ENSO regimes: Reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Niño. In: Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (10): L10704.
• Takahashi, K., and B. Dewitte, 2016: Strong and moderate nonlinear El Niño regimes. In: Climate Dyn., 46, 1627–1645
• Talley, Lynne D. u.a.: Physical Oceanography of the tropical Pacific. In: Rapaport, Moshe, editor, (1999): The Pacific Islands - Environment & Society
• Talley, Lynne D. et al.(2011): Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction. Amsterdam u.a.O.
• Tardent, Pierre (1993): Meeresbiologie. Eine Einführung. Stuttgart
• Thom, C. and Wikelski, M (2000): Marine iguanas shrink to survive El Nino. In: Nature, 403, 37-38
• Timmermann, A., et al. (2018): El Niño-Southern Oscillation complexity. In: Nature, 559, 535-554
• Tippett, M.K. et al. (2012): Performance of recent multi-model ENSO forecasts. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 2012, 51:637–654
• Thurman, H.V. und Trujillo, Alan P. (2002): Essentials of Oceanography. Upper Saddle River, N.J.
• Tollefson, Jeff (2014): El Niño monitoring system in failure mode - US budget woes cripple a key mooring array in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14582
• Tomczak, Matthias (2000): An Introduction to Physical Oceanography (http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/IntroOc/notes/contents.html)
• Tomczak, Matthias und Godfrey, Stuart J. (1994): Regional Oceanography: An Introduction. Oxford
• Trenberth, Kevin E. (1997): The Definition of El Niño. In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 78, No. 12, December, 2771-2777
• Trenberth, Kevin E. (2013): El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• Trenberth, K. E. et al. (2002): The evolution of ENSO and global atmospheric surface temperatures. In: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 107, No. D8
• Trenberth, K. E. und Smith, L. (2006): The vertical structure of temperature in the tropics: Different flavors of El Nino. J. Clim., 19, 4956-4973
• Trenberth, K. E. und Smith, L. (2009): Variations in the three dimensional structure of the atmospheric circulation with different flavors of El Niño. Journal of Climate 12, No. 11, 2978-2991.
• Trenberth, K. E. und Stepaniak, D. P. (2001): Indices of El Niño evolution. J. Climate, 14, 1697- 1701
• Tudhope, A.W. et al. (2001): Variability in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation Through a Glacial-Interglacial Cycle. Science, 291, 1511–1517
• Turner, John (2004): The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Antarctica. Int. J. Climatol. 24: 1–31 (2004). DOI: 10.1002/joc.965
• Veblen, Thomas T., Young, Kenneth R., Orme, Antony R. (2007): The physical geography of South America. Oxford
• Venzke, Stephan u.a. (1997): The coupled GCM Echo-2. Part II: Indian Ocean response to ENSO, in: MPI für Meteorologie, Report No. 246. Hamburg
• Verbickas, S.: Westerly wind bursts in the tropical Pacific, 1998, Weather, Vol. 53, No. 9, S. 282-284
• Voituriez, Bruno (2003): The changing ocean - Its effects on climate and living resources. IOC Ocean Forum Series. Paris
• Voituriez, Bruno und Jacques, Guy (2000): El Niño - Fact and fiction. Paris
• Walker, G.T. und Bliss, E. W. (1932): World Weather V, Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society, 4, (36), 53-84
• Wang, C. (2001): A unified oscillator model for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 98-115
• Wang, C. und Picaut, J. (2004): Understanding ENSO physics - A review. In: Earth’s Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr 147 (2004), S. 21–48
• Wang, Chunzai (2018): A review of ENSO theories. National Science Review, Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2018, Pages 813–825
• Wang, C. und Weisberg, R. H. (2000): The 1997-98 El Niño evolution relative to previous El Niño events. J. Climate, 13, 488-501.
• Wang, C. et al. (2012): El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A Review.
• Wang, C . et al. (2015): El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A review. In: Coral Reefs of the Eastern Pacific , P. Glymn, D. Manzello, and I. Enochs, Eds., Springer Science Publisher
• Wara, M. et al. ( 2005): Permanent El Nino-Like Conditions During the Pliocene Warm Period. Science, 309, 758-761
• WBGU (2006): Die Zukunft der Meere - zu warm, zu hoch, zu sauer (Sondergutachten). Berlin
• WBGU (2013): Welt im Wandel - Menschheitserbe Meer (Hauptgutachten). Berlin
• Wefer, Gerold und Schmieder, Frank, Hrsg. (2010): Expedition Erde - Wissenswertes und Spannendes aus den Geowissenschaften. Bremen
• Weisberg, R.H. und Wang, C. (1997): A Western Pacific Oscillator Paradigm for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In: Geophysical Research Letters 24 (1997), Nr. 7, S. 779–782
• Weischet, Wolfgang (1977): Einführung in die Allgemeine Klimatologie. Stuttgart.
• Weischet, Wolfgang (1996): Regionale Klimatologie Teil 1. Die Neue Welt. Stuttgart
• Werner, A., and N. J. Holbrook, 2011: A Bayesian forecast model of Australian region tropical cyclone formation. In: J. Climate, 24, 6114–6131,
• Whetton, P.H. und Rutherford, I. (1994): Historical ENSO teleconnections in the Eastern Hemisphere. Climatic Change, 28: 221-269
• Wikelski, M. and Nelson, K (2004) Conservation of Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). Iguana, 11, 191-197
• World Health Organisation (1999): El Niño and Health. Genf
• World Bank (2016): Commodity Markets Outlook. - Weak growth in emerging market economies: What does it imply for commodity markets? Washington D.C.
• Wührl, Engelbert: Umstrittene Garnelenzucht. In: Praxis Geographie 12/2000. Braunschweig
• WMO (1985): The global climate system - a critical review of the climate system during 1982-1984
• WMO (1999): The 1997-1998 El Niño Event - A Scientific and Technical Retrospective (PDF)
• WMO (2011): WMO-Bericht zum Zustand des globalen Klimas 2010. WMO-No. 1074, (PDF). Genf
• Wolff, Matthias (2017): Auftriebsgebiete und El Niño. In: G. Hempel, K. Bischof, W. Hagen (Hrsg.), Faszination Meeresforschung, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-49714-2_7. Bremen, Berlin
• WWF Deutschland (2009): Hintergrundinformation Wald & Klima, (PDF). Frankfurt
• Wyrtki, Klaus (1973): Teleconnections in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. In: Science, Vol. 180, 66-68.
• Wyrtki, Klaus (1975): El Niño - the dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. In: Journal of Physical Oceanography 5, 572–584
• Wyrtki, Klaus (1985): Water displacement in the Pacific and the genesis of El Niño cycles. In: Journal of Geophysical Research, 90 (4)
• Wyrtki, Klaus (1989): Some Thoughts about the West Pacific Warm Pool. In: Picaut Joël (ed.), Lukas R. (ed.), Delcroix Thierry (ed.). Western Pacific international meeting and workshop on Toga Coare: Proceedings
• Wyrtki, Klaus, Stroup, Edward, Patzert, William, Williams, Robert, Quin, William (1976): Predicting and observing El Niño. In: Science, Vol. 191, No. 4225
• Yang, Gui-Ying und Hoskins, Brian (2013): ENSO Impact on Kelvin Waves and Associated Tropical Convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3513–3532
• Yeh, S.-W. et al. (2009): El Niño in a changing climate. In: Nature 461, 511-514 (24 September 2009)
• Yeh, S.‐W. at al. (2011): Natural variability of the central Pacific El Niño event on multi‐centennial timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38 (2): L02704.
• Yu, J.-Y. und Kao, H.-Y. (2007): Decadal Changes of ENSO Persistence Barrier in SST and Ocean Heat Content Indices: 1958-2001. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13106.
• Zebiak, S. und Cane, M. (1987): A model El Niño–Southern Oscillation. MonWeather Rev 1987, 115:2262–2278
• Zebiak, Stephen E. et al. (2015: Investigating El Niño-Southern Oscillation and society relationships (WIREs Clim Change 2014. doi: 10.1002/wcc.294)
• Zhang, T. (2008): Correlation changes between rice yields in North and Northwest China and ENSO from 1960 to 2004. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148:1021-1033
• Zhang, Q. et al. (2009a): Variations in the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool and its relation to the dipole in the tropical Indian Ocean. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, September 2009, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 640-649
• Zhang, T. et al. ( 2009b): An evaluation of ENSO asymmetry in the Community Climate System Models:Aview from the subsurface. J. Climate, 22, 5933–5961
• Zinke, J. et al. (2018): Reconstructing climate and environment from coral archives. In: Eos, 99

Periodika

• Aktuelle Landkarte 1/98
• Collins, Mat (2010): The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño. In: Nature Geoscience 3, 391 - 397 (2010)
• DER SPIEGEL, 13.10.1997, Tumult in der Wetterküche; 13.3.2015, El Niño blamiert Meteorologen; 14.8.2015, Meteorologen warnen vor Super-El Niño
• Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR): Schulinformation Raumfahrt 1/98, Erdkunde, Das Klimaphänomen El Niño (Schüler- und Lehrerheft). Köln
• FOCUS, 42/1997, El Niño - Das teuflische Christkind
• Guan, Cong et al. (2019): Quantifying the role of oceanic feedbacks on ENSO asymmetry. Geophysical Research Letters, 46.
• Hilgers, Alexandra (2012): Dürren, Buschbrände und Überschwemmungen in Australien - Auswirkungen von El Niño und La Niña. Geographische Rundschau 10/2012. Braunschweig
• National Geographic, Ausgabe August 1998
• Oceanus, Volume 27, No. 2, 1984. Woods Hole, Mass.
• Quinn, W.H. et al. (1987): El Niño occurences over the past four and a half centuries. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92: 14449-14463
• Rodríguez-Morata, C. et al. (2018): The anomalous 2017 coastal El Niño event in Peru. Climate Dynamics. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4466-y
• Zhang, Kate Qian und Rothstein, Lewis, M. (1998): Modeling the Oceanic Response to Westerly Wind Bursts in the Western Equatorial Pacific; in: Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 28, No. 11
  

Internet-Adressen und Web-Publikationen (unvollständige Liste, da partiell auch in den einzelnen Kapiteln angegeben)

• Anyamba, Assaf et al. (2019): Global Disease outbreaks Associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño event. Sci Rep 9, 1930 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38034-z
• Barnston, Anthony (2015): Why are there so many ENSO indexes, instead of just one? NOAA ENSO Blog
• Becker, Emily (2015): December El Niño update: phenomenal cosmic powers! NOAA ENSO Blog
• Henson, Bob (2015): El Niño’s Role in Deadly Chennai Rains; Progress in Paris Climate Talks. wunderground.com
• L'Heureux, Michelle (2015): Were Model Predictions of El Niño a Big Bust? NOAA ENSO Blog
• IRI: IRI Technical ENSO Update. Palisades NY (div. Zugriffe)
• IRI: ENSO essentials. Palisades NY (4.1.2016)
• Kirchhübel, Lars: El Niño - Ein Zwischenfazit des sogenannten "Christkindes". (13.11.2015)
• Leyser, Adrian: Waldbrände in Indonesien teuerste "Wetterkatastrophe" 2015. (17.10.2015)
• McPhaden, M. J. (2015): Playing hide and seek with El Niño. Nature Climate Change 5, 791-795
• MeteoSchweiz (Nov. 2015): El Niño - Das Ereignis 2015/16 und Hintergründe zum Phänomen.
• Min, Qingye et al. (2015): What hindered the El Niño pattern in 2014?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42
• Schreiber, M. A. et al. (2011): Coping Strategies to Deal with Environmental Variability and Extreme Climatic Events in the Peruvian Anchovy Fishery. Bremen
• Ziese, Markus et al. (29.4.2015): Hochwasserschäden durch beginnenden El Niño an Pazifikküste Südamerikas. DWD, Offenbach
• Ziese, Markus et al. (2.11.2015): El Niño 2015 – Erste Erkenntnisse und Ausblick. DWD, Offenbach
• http://alert-conservation.org/issues-research-highlights/2015/9/29/choking-on-smoke-the-growing-curse-of-indonesias-wildfires (30.9.2015)
• http://bildungsserver.hamburg.de/ozean-und-klima/2075710/enso-ereignis.html; 20.3.2014
• http://bildungsserver.hamburg.de/treibhausgase/2055556/kohlenstoffkreislauf-ozean-artikel.html; 30.3.2014
• http://bulletin.aviso.oceanobs.com/html/produits/indic/enso/welcome_uk.php3 (6.12.2015)
• http://theconversation.com/el-nino-is-over-but-has-left-its-mark-across-the-world-59823 (29.6.2016)
• http://earth.agu.org/revgeophys (R.o.)
• http://earth.esa.int/venice06/abstractbook_venice06.pdf; 12.3.2006
• https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ElNino; 16.10.2022
• http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87374; 22.1.2016
• http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87434&src=eoa-iotd; 3.2.2016
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/el-nino; 30.9.2022
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/la-nina; 30.9.2022
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/upwelling; 30.9.2022
• http://enso.unl.edu/ndmc/enigma/elnino.htm (R.o.)
• http://floodlist.com/; vielfache Zugriffe
• http://globe.fsl.noaa.gov/fsl/welcome.html (R.o.)
• http://iri.columbia.edu/our-expertise/climate/enso; 28.7.2015
• http://iri.columbia.edu/our-expertise/climate/enso/enso-essentials; 19.7.2015
• http://iri.columbia.edu/our-expertise/climate/forecasts/enso/current/; 1.7.2016
• http://ivvgeo.uni-muenster.de/Vorlesung/FE_Script/titel.html; 14.1.2003
• http://micha.virtualave.net/elnino.shtml (R.o.)
• http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/education.html; 3.4.2013
• http://noc.ac.uk/science-technology/climate-sea-level/carbon-ocean/biological-carbon-pump; 30.3.2014
• http://oceans.nasa.gov; 21.11.2004
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/satellites-ocean.html; 25.1.2018
• http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/contents2.htm; 24.9.2012
• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.294/abstract (Zebiak, Stephen E. et al. (2014): Investigating El Niño-Southern Oscillation and society relationships); 2.8.2014
• http://pollux.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/remotesensinghistory.html (R.o.)
• http://public.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/progress-observing-and-predicting-enso-0; (30.5.2016)
• http://rainforests.mongabay.com; vielfache Zugriffe
• http://reliefweb.int/; vielfache Zugriffe
• http://science.sciencemag.org/content/295/5559/1508.full?ijkey=lyNYcJYAS8c8U&keytype=ref&siteid=sci; 5.4.2018
• http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/; 11.1.2014
• http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/science/jason1-quick-look; 21.11.2004
• http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/education/education.html; 7.9.2004
• http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/elnino/; 12.7.2006
• http://wiki.bildungsserver.de/klimawandel/index.php/ENSO; 15.12.2013
• http://wiki.bildungsserver.de/klimawandel/index.php/ENSO-Folgen:_Afrika; 4.6.2014
• http://wiki.bildungsserver.de/klimawandel/index.php/Kipppunkte_im_Klimasystem#.C3.84nderungen_von_El_Ni.C3.B1o; 8.1.2014
• http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gl)/wwhlpr/cdrom.rxml?hret=/guides/mtr/eln./pred.rxml; 17.9.2004
• http://www.agrarheute.com/agrarmanager/news/el-nino-beschaeftigt-agrarmaerkte-0; 13.11.2015
• http://www.aimes.ucar.edu/docs/ssc/2005/03.schimel.pdf; 26.7.2014
• https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/GG-Stratigraphie/Fossilgr/Foraminiferen/foraminiferen_node.html; 2.6.2019
• http://www.bild-der-wissenschaft.de/bdw/bdwlive/heftarchiv/index2.php?object_id=32132506; 7.12.2010
• http://www.bloomberg.com/europe (diverse Zugriffe unter den Stichworten 'El Niño' und 'La Niña')
• http://www.bom.gov.au; 25.8.2005 und weitere Zugriffe
• http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/about/tropics/maritime-continent.shtml; 17.8.2015
• http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/about-ENSO-outlooks.shtml; 1.7.2016
• http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/; 23.8.2014
• http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/history/ln-2010-12/index.shtml; 27.7.2015
• http://www.britannica.com/topic/maritime-continent; 17.8.2015
• http://www.censor.name/pagev2/; 14.6.2006
• http://www.ciifen-int.org/index.php?newlang=english; 8.11.2004
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/bittersweet-victory-el-ni%C3%B1o-chaser; 2.10.2022
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/double-dipping-why-does-la-ni%C3%B1a-often-occur-consecutive-winters; 18.6.2021
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/enso-and-climate-change-what-does-new-ipcc-report-say; 2.10.2022
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/enso-flavor-month; 29.4.2019
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/may-2021-enso-update-bye-now-la-ni%C3%B1a; 18.6.2021
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/predicting-el-niño-then-and-now; 27.4.2019
• http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf; 31.1.2014
• http://www.clivar2004.org/; 31.8.2005
• http://www.cms.fu-berlin.de/geo/fb/e-learning/pg-net/glossar/; 8.1.2014
• http://www.cms.fu-berlin.de/geo/fb/e-learning/petrograph/sedimentite/lesen/se_merkmale/se_fossilien_1/se_fossilien_radiolarien/index.html; 9.10.2022
• http://www.coaps.fsu.edu/lib/biblio/enso-bib-intro.html; 19.9.2004 (umfassende Bibliographie zu ENSO)
• http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/adgeo/6/contents1.html; 12.3.2006
• http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/topconf/avh1; 8.11.2004
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/; 7.5.2016
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/bulletin; 17.5.2005
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/; 17.9.2004
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensofaq.html; 17.5.2005
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensofaq.shtml#DETECTION; 4.4.2013
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml; 2.7.2016
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/nino_regions.html; 17.5.2005
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/lanina/enso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.ppt; 20.9.2004
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outreach/facts.html; 17.5.2005
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/MJO/enso.shtml; 4.4.2013 und weitere Zugriffe
• http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/; häufige Zugriffe
• http://www.dfd.dlr.de/; 14.5.2005
• http://www.dfd.dlr.de/education/faq_allg_de.html (R.o.)
• http://www.disastercharter.org; 26.11.2004
• http://www.dkrz.de/klima/elnino/elnino.html (R.o.)
• http://www.dkkv.org; 26.11.2004
• http://www.dlr.de/rb/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-6813/11188_read-6311/; 21.11.2013
• http://www.dlr.de; vielfacher Zugriff
• http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=dwdwww_menu2_wetterlexikon&_nfls=false; 23.1.2014
• http://www.dwd.de/DE/service/lexikon/begriffe/I/Intertropische-Konvergenzzone_pdf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3; 13.10.2015
• http://www.dwd.de/DE/service/lexikon/Functions/glossar.html?nn=103346&lv2=101224&lv3=101278; 13.10.2014
• http://www.dwd.de/DE/wetter/thema_des_tages/2016/5/11.html; 11.5.2016
• http://www.education.noaa.gov/Weather_and_Atmosphere/El_Nino.html; 16.8.2015
• http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/; 4.4.2013
• http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/edu.html; 19.9.2004
• http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.html; 20.9.2004
• http://www.ericjlyman.com/elnino.html; 25.10.2015
• http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/IntroOc/; 10.6.2015
• http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMKZ9WO4HD_index_0.html; 5.8.2005
• http://www.esig.ucar.edu/signal/index.html; 12.9.2004
• http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/dashboard.html; 25.6.2016
• https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/pubs.html; 3.6.2019
• http://www.fao.org/ vielfache Zugriffe
• http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/2188/haze.html (R.o.)
• http://www.geomar.de/de/studieren/bsc-physik-des-erdsystems/; 12.2.2014
• http://www.goes-r.gov/users/comet/tropical/textbook_2nd_edition/navmenu.php_tab_5_page_2.1.3.htm; 2.9.2015
• http://www.globe.gov/fsl/html/templ.cgi?ElNinoIntro&lang=en&nav=1; 19.9.2004
• http://www.goce-projektbuero.de/7754--~goce~Goce~Anwendungsgebiete~Ozeanographie.html; 9.1.2014
• http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/forests/2013/Peat-Forest%20Fires_Briefer_May28-2014.pdf; 19.10.2014
• http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm; 3.8.2005
• http://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/maerkte/devisen-rohstoffe/kakao-warum-der-beste-rohstoff-aus-2015-zum-albtraum-wird/12819266.html; 12.1.2016
• http://www.igbp.net/; 26.1.2014
• http://www.imarpe.gob.pe; 1.12.2004
• http://www.infoperu.com/tforum/viewtopic.php?TopicID=101; 4.8.2005
• http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/reports-nonUN-translations/deutch/IPCC2007-Annex.pdf; 27.11.2013
• http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-049; 15.1.2014
• https://www.klimanavigator.eu/glossar/011629/index.php; 3.6.2019
• http://www.klimafakten.de; 12.4.2014
• http://www.meeresgeo-online.de/; 14.2.2012
• http://www.met.igp.gob.pe/variabclim/nino_peru.html; 9.8.2015
• https://www.meted.ucar.edu/tropical/textbook_2nd_edition/print_4.htm; 22.4.2019
• http://www.meteo.uni-bonn.de/mitarbeiter/SCrewell/vorles/fe/FE_vorles/fe_grundlagen.html; 8.1.2003
• http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/klima/berichte_und_publikationen/el_nino.html; 11.8.2014
• http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/gpc-outlooks/el-nino-la-nina/ENSO-impacts; 2.8.2014
• http://www.mongabay.com/; diverse Zugriffe
• http://www.munichre.com/de/reinsurance/magazine/topics-online/2014/07/el-nino/index.html; 11.8.2014
• http://www.myocean.eu/web/37-observation.php; 3.10.2013
• http://www.nationalgeographic.com/elnino/mainpage.html; 25.10.2015
• http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n9/full/nclimate1936.html (El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries); 2.7.2013
• http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/indicators/sst.php (6.1.2016)
• http://www.nectec.or.th/haze/; 8.8.2005
• http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2428.htm; 17.5.2005
• http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/library/; 12.9.2004
• http://www.pik-potsdam.de/services/infothek/kippelemente; 8.1.2014
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/faq.html; 20.12.2007
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/forecasts.html; 19.9.2004
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/measurements.html; 19.9.2004
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/1997.html; 19.9.2004
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/nino-home.html; 7.5.2015
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/jsdisplay/tao_startup.html; 19.9.2004
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312042815_First_Report_of_TPOS_2020; 26.5.2019
• http://www.rcom.marum.de/Korallen_als_El_Nino-Archiv.html; 25.12.2007
• http://www.schroders.com/en/SysGlobalAssets/digital/insights/pdfs/el-ninos-economic-impact.pdf; August 2015
• http://www.scinexx.de/dossier-detail-173-6.html; 31.12.2013
• http://www.scinexx.de/inc/artikel_drucken.php?f_id=648&a_flag=2; 27.1.2018
• http://www.sf.tv/sfmeteo/lexikon/index.html; 10.11.2007
• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropics/enso_patterns.htm; 16.8.2015
• http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/tropics/enso_impacts.htm; 14.2.2016
• http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/topex/; 8.8.2005
• http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/479/publikationen/globale_landflaechen_biomasse_bf_klein.pdf; 3.4.2014
• http://www.unep.org/themes/freshwater/documents/climate_change_and_variability_in_the_southern_africa.pdf; 4.6.2014
• https://www.uni-stuttgart.de/presse/archiv/themenheft/09/sneeuw.pdf; 27.1.2018
• http://www.unocha.org/el-nino; 14.6.2016
• http://www.wallstreetdaily.com/2016/01/13/el-nino-la-nina-commodities/; 13.1.2016
• http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/11/20/000406484_20141120090713/Rendered/PDF/ 927040v20WP00O0ull0Report000English.pdf; 24.11.2014
• http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/35-how-does-enso-affect-south-africa; 4.6.2014
• http://www.wetterkontor.de/de/lexikon/; 12.11.2013
• http://www.wikipedia.de; vielfache Zugriffe
• http://www.wmo.ch; 25.12.2007
• http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/documents/WMO_ENSO_Nov15_Eng.pdf; 16.11.2015
• http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-el-nino-of-19971998; 11.10.2015
• http://www.wwf.de/themen-projekte/landwirtschaft/produkte-aus-der-landwirtschaft/palmoel/; 24.10.2014
• https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=1C524B98-1; 12.5.2016
• https://www.bondvigilantes.com/deutsch/2015/09/16/el-nino-kommt-was-bedeutet-das-fuer-bip-rohstoffpreise-und-inflation/?noredirect=de_DE; 16.9.2015
• https://content.meteoblue.com/de/forschung-und-entwicklung/datenquellen/nmm-modellierung/ensembles; 16.5.2015
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/department/enso-blog; diverse Zugriffe
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/dearest-tao-love-letter-marine-based-observations; 13.9.2017
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/climate-connections-fort-mcmurray-fire; 2.7.2016
• https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-variability-oceanic-niño-index; 25.6.2016
• https://www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/fs_palmoel_aus_indonesien_november_2014_1.pdf (25.10.2015)
• https://www.ideas-magazin.de/2016/ideas-166/maerkte/rohstoffe-el-nino/; 7.2.2016
• https://www.max-wissen.de/public/downloads/overview.pdf; 30.3.2014
• https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate/information-and-resources/clivar/elnino; 12.10.2015
• https://www.undercurrentnews.com; diverse Zugriffe
• https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/informationsportal-klimawandel/klimaforschung/klimarekonstruktion/baumringe; 21.3.2014

Persönliche Mitteilungen

Besonderer Dank gilt den folgenden Personen, weil sie - teilweise mit großem Zeitaufwand - unsere Fragen beantwortet und uns wertvolle Anregungen gegeben haben:

• Prof. Dr. Wolf Arntz. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Bremerhaven. <http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/>
• Anthony G. Barnston, International Research Institute for Science and Society. <http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/anthony-barnston/>
• Dr. Albert Gerdes, Bremen. <http://www.marum.de/Albert_Gerdes.html>
• Prof. Dr. Dieter Kelletat. Geographisches Institut, Universität Essen. <http://www.uni-essen.de/geographie/>
• Prof. Dr. Wilfried Endlicher. Geographisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. <http://www.geographie.hu-berlin.de/ph/kligeo/leute/endlicher.html>
• Kristopher B. Karnauskas, Ph.D., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), <http://www.colorado.edu/oclab/>
• Dr. Vernon E. Kousky, NOAA, CPC. <http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/information/personnel/index.shtml>
• Dr. Gary S.E. Lagerloef. Earth and Space Research, Seattle (WA). <http://www.esr.org/>
• Dr. Michael J. McPhaden. NOAA/PMEL, Seattle (WA). <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/>
• Klaus Wolter, Ph.D. - NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder (CO). <http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/>
• Dr. Dietmar Dommenget, Ute Merkel, Sigrid Schoettle. DKRZ, Hamburg. <http://www.dkrz.de/>
• Jinbao Li. Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong. <http://geog.hku.hk/staff_FT_Li_JB.html>
• Dipl.-Geograph Thomas Loster. Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft. <http://www.munichre.com>
• Michael Denhard. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Frankfurt/Main. <http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/>
• Michael E. Weber. Ocean Mapping Group, Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada <http://www.omg.unb.ca/~mweber/>
• Dr. Stuart Barlow. International Fishmeal & Oil Manufacturers Association, St. Albans (GB).
• Kevin Trenberth. Climate Analysis Section, NCAR, Boulder (CO). <http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert>
• William S. Kessler. NOAA / Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle (WA). <http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/~kessler>
• Prof. Dr. Mojib Latif. GEOMAR, Kiel. <http://www.geomar.de/index.php?id=mlatif>

Material zur Gestaltung dieses Produkts:

• Schriftart Lato: Copyright (c) 2010-2011 by tyPoland Lukasz Dziedzic (team@latofonts.com) with Reserved Font Name "Lato". Licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
• Schriftart Cabin: Copyright 2016 The Cabin Project Authors (impallari@gmail.com). Licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1.
• Das ENSO-Quiz basiert auf dem Multiple-Choice-Quiz des SELFHTML-Wikis, Lizenz: CC-BY-SA 3.0 (de)